Turning Point

The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory:
​​​​​​​The Fire That Ignited a Change in Worker Rights



Turning Point

Public Pushback


In the days following the tragic fire, 350,000 New Yorkers marched in the funeral procession with the victims’ families. The fire sparked anger in the public due to the preventability of the fire and the discovery of suspicious fires in buildings owned by Blanck and Harris to receive insurance checks. The public pinned the blame on them. With their reputations tarnished, the “Shirtwaist Kings” could never return to their former glory. 


"Le Tragedie Del Lavoro," Il Progresso Ilato-Americano., March 28, 1911. Library of Congress. Photograph.

 "My wife and I stood across the street and we looked up at the building and I think I could hear the girls screaming again and see the fire burning​" ​​​​​​​~ Eraclio Montanaro, witness on the street

"Scenes Showing Where 150 Perished in a Fireproof Firetrap."" New York Evening Joural, Photograph. March 27, 1911. Comell University, ILR School, Kheel Center for Labor- Management, Documentation & Archives, Triangle Factory Fire Online Exhibit. 

 "When the bodies didnt crash through the deadlights, they lay there on the sidewalk three or four high, burning, and we had to play the hoses on them." 

 ​​​​​​​~ Frank Rubino, Fire Department Captian

Atlanta Georgian. (Atlanta, GA) 5 Apr. 1914, p. 33. Retrieved from the Library of Congress,www.loc.gov/item/sn89053729/1914-04-05/ed-4/. 

 "When the fatal Triangle fire occurred in this building the employees not only had no fire drills, but they were so placed at work that they blocked their own access from the floors. In most of the large factories throughout New York City Fire Department inspectors now insist upon ample floor space in aisles." 

​​​​​​​​​​​​​​~ Robert Adamson, Fire Commissioner 

 "For while we couldn't move. We watched in horror how bunches of women came hurtling down from the top of the bulding . . . All around us we saw people covered with blood. I got sick and could not look anymore . . . The whole night I could not sleep and in the morning I was restless." ​​​​​​​~ Eraclio Montanaro, witness on the street

"In an editorial cartoon, a skeleton surrounded by smoke and flames rises from the burning Asch Building and considers the horrifying events below," 1911. Cornell University, ILR School, Kheel Center for Labor-Management, Documentation & Archives, Triangle Factory Fire Online Exhibit. 

Unknown Artist. "Triangle Shirt Waist Manufacturers Listening To Testimony Against Them: Max Blanck and Isaac Harris,” 1911. Cornell University, ILR School, Kheel Center for Labor-Management, Documentation & Archives, Triangle Factory Fire Online Exhibit.

 "At that time - at that time the floors - the floors were wooden floors and they were soaked through with oil, the baskets that people worked was wicker baskets and each basket - each basket contained about four to five dozen blouses, lingerie at that time. And lace"

​​​​​​​ ​​​​​​​~ Max Hoff, survivor

"Investigators on roof of Asch Building - From leftto right Coroner Holzhauser, J. R ubins, and C. F. Bostwick" Photograph 1911. Cornell University, ILR School, Kheel Center for Labor-Management, Documentation & Archives, Triangle Factory Fire Online Exhibit.

“The highly inflammable materials inside caused the blaze to spread within a few minutes to the eighth and tenth floors. The employers tried to batter down the doors, said to have been locked, but were either crushed to death in the mad panic or killed by inhaling the flames and smoke. Some of them tried to get away by means of the fire escape, which broke like so much paper under their weight. When police completed their official report several days later, it was shown that 146 lives had been sniffed out by the fire.”

​​​​​​​~ The San Antionio Light ​​​​​​​

"How Girls Were Trapped at Every Tumn and Some Princinals in the Tragedy." New York Evening Journal, Photograph. March 28, 1911. Comell University, ILR School, Khee1 Center for Labor-Management, Documentation & Archives, Triangle Factory Fire Online Exhibit.

"The disaster may not come today, nor yet tomorrow; it may not come for a year, but unless conditions are changed, and radically changed, it will surely come"~ The Day Book 


Perspectives at Odds


“It isn’t the fire; it’s the girls, who are well organized in comparatively few factories. They are none too brilliant and the manufacturers won’t comply with the law, so their chances in a fire have not improved very much. Even when there are fire drills the girls don’t see the need of them… After all, the real sufferers from the Triangle Fire are the proprietors and the manufacturers. They have to pay for remodeling their premises to suit the law. That is the reason why so many of them do not comply.”

​​​​​​​~ Sarah Christopher, Fire Prevention Advisor


“Was It a Joke? What puzzles us is –did she mean it seriously? Or was Mrs. Christopher having a little joke at the expense of the 145 ‘none too brilliant; girls who were murdered three years ago as a tribute to business acumen and enterprise?”

​​​​​​​~ The Woman Rebel


Unknown. "In an editorial cartoon, a man wearing clothing made of money leans against the factory door which is locked with a dollar sign key, while women die in smoke and flames on the other side of the door," 1911. Cornell University, ILR School, Kheel Center for Labor-Management, Documentation & Archives, Triangle Factory Fire Online Exhibit. 

"In an editorial cartoon, a skeleton surrounded by smoke and flames rises from the burning Asch Building and considers the horrifying events below," 1911. Cornell University, ILR School, Kheel Center for Labor-Management, Documentation & Archives, Triangle Factory Fire Online Exhibit. ​​​​​​​

Dorgan, Thomas Aloysius. "Fire Trap Victims Buried. Draft New Law to Save Shop Workers." The March 28, 1911 New York Evening Journal cover stories told the horrifying experiences of survivors and witnesses, and asked who was responsible for the catastrophe and what would be done." Photograph. March 28, 1911. Cornell University, ILR School, Kheel Center for Labor-Management, Documentation & Archives, Triangle Factory Fire Online Exhibit.  


Unions


The fire ignited the advocacy for higher wages, extra overtime pay, and shorter hours. The  International Ladies Garment Workers Union (ILGWU) led protests calling for better safety conditions, such as fire escapes and sprinkler systems to prevent and combat factory fires. They founded the Joint Board of Sanitary Control which worked with the NY Fire Department to issue fines and citations to 55 buildings out of compliance. In 1922, the Board convinced business owners to have fire drills.

​​​​​​​

 "I can't talk fellowship to you who are gathered here. Too much blood has been spilled. I know from my experience it is up to the working people themselves. The only way they can save themselves is by a strong working-class movement."

​​​​​​​ ​​​​​​​~ Rose Schneiderman, Union leader

"In the April 5th funeral procession for the seven unidentified fire victims, members of the United Hebrew Trades of New York and the Ladies Waist and Dressmakers Union Local 25, the local that organized Triangle Waist Company workers, carry banners proclaiming 'We Mourn Our Loss.'" Photograph. April 5, 1911. Cornell University, ILR School, Kheel Center for Labor-Management, Documentation & Archives, Triangle Factory Fire Online Exhibit.

 "These were our martyrs because what we couldn't accomplish by reasoning with the bosses, by pleading with the bosses, by arguing with the bosses, they accomplished with their deaths."

​​​​​​​ ​​​​​​​~ David Dubinsky, President of the ILGWU

"Sweeping Investigations to Fix Blame for Fire." Photograph. March 27, 1911.  Cornell University, ILR School, Kheel Center for Labor-Management, Documentation & Archives, Triangle Factory Fire Online Exhibit. 

 "That the investigation into fire dangers of the shops was timely was dramatically exhibited in the " Triangle" fire, which, although occurring in another industry, came almost immediately after our notices, and unfortunately confirmed the contention  of the Board that a large number of the shops in the industry were defective in fire protection and would prove dangerous in case of fire. Accordingly the problem of fire protection and fire prevention became a large part of the work of the Board."

​​​​​​​Joint Board of Sanitary Control in the Cloak, Suit and Skirt Industry of Greater New York, 1911-1912. 

"Mass Meetings were held, joined in by other members of the Shirtwaist union. Resolutions were passed sympathizing with the bereaved relatives of the victims. When the common funeral of the victims took place, there was held in connection with it a great parade of protest. Investigations of conditions were demanded, and the indictment of the proprietors of the shirtwaist company followed"~ The San Antonio Light 

"Marching through cold rain and mud, protesters hoped to rally support. Signs call for fire drills in every shop, closed shops with union contracts, an end to political graft and to days spent working in fire traps,"1911. Center, K. (2018b). Photos & Illustrations. Cornell University - ILR School - The Triangle Factory Fire. 



Immediate Impacts


Due to the tragedies caused by the fire, new regulations and laws were implemented. For example, the New York State Legislature created the Factory Investigating Commision on June 30, 1911. Through the testimonials of workers gathered from interviews and public hearings, the Commission helped pass over 30 health and safety laws such as factory fire codes and child labor restrictions. The Factory Investigating Commission created a foundation for the future of labor laws all over the country. Additionally, in October 1911, New York passed the Sullivan-Hoey Fire Prevention Law which required the installation of sprinkler systems.


 "I was sick for 6 months.

I never heard from the company after.

At the trial, the lawyer asked me over and over again but I refused to say that the door was open.

We got a $1.50 for being witnesses." ​​​​​​​

~  Sarah Dworetz, survivor

Brown Brothers. "Some of the Asch Building's collapsed fire escape ladders and balconies blocked by window shutters." Photograph. 1911.  Cornell University, ILR School, Kheel Center for Labor-Management, Documentation & Archives, Triangle Factory Fire Online Exhibit. 


 "I was called as a witness and they asked me how long are you in this country and what is your name? And that's all."

​​​​​​​​​​​​​​~ Max Hoff, survivor 

"The flimsy fire escape ladder descended close to the building forcing those fleeing to struggle through flames and past warped iron window shutters stuck open across their path. Sections of ladder which ended two stories above the ground, twisted and collapsed under the weight of workers trying to escape the fire, killing many who had chosen it as their lifeline, " Photograph, 1911. Cornell University, ILR School, Kheel Center for Labor-Management, Documentation & Archives, Triangle Factory Fire Online Exhibit. 


 "That - it - the ninth floor, if the door on the ninth floor would have been opened I think most of the people would have been saved. That front door on the ninth floor - in fact, most of the casualties came from the ninth floor."

​​​​​​​ ​​​​​​​~ Max Hoff, survivor

"Plan of Ninth Floor," 1911. Cornell University, ILR School, Kheel Center for Labor-Management, Documentation & Archives, Triangle Factory Fire Online Exhibit.


 "He didn't tell me what to say but the way he talked to me I knew what he wanted. He said, for example, 'Mr. Gordon, isn't it true that most of the time you saw the key handing there.' 'Mr. Gordon, isn't it true you could use that door if you wanted to."' 

​​​​​​​​​​​​​​~ Abe Gordon, survivor


Still, not all attempts for change were met with success. On December 4, 1911, a trial was held for the People of the State Of New York v. Isaac Harris and Max Blanck.  The prosecuting attorney, Charles S. Bostwick, aimed to prove that their decision to lock the factory door on the 9th floor during working hours led to avoidable deaths. 

Despite incriminating evidence, the trial concluded on December 27, 1922, when the jury found Harris and Blanck innocent of manslaughter charges and violating NY Labor Laws. The owners were later given an insurance check of around $60,000 which consisted of $400 for each victim; the families, however, received just $75. ​​​​​​​


 "My sister - my sister was burned to death. I - and she was so badly burned that we couldn't recognize her. It seems that [inaudible], her boyfriend, did recognize her."

​​​​​​​​​​​​​​~ Max Hoff, survivor


"After a legal battle of nearly three years, administrators of the estates of 23 of the victims burned to death in the Triangle shirtwaist factory fire, where doors were locked so that employes could not escape, settled on the basis of $75 each. These amounts will not be paid by Harris and Blanck, proprietors of the factor, or Joseph E. Asch, owner of the building in which 148 employes were burned to death, but by an employers’ liability company.”

​​​​​​​~ The Day Book

 "I couldn't stay because of the fire. I couldn't work anymore."

​​​​​​​​​​​​​​~  Dora Maisler, survivor